Організація, структура та компетенція крайових судів у Галичині (1855-1918)

Abstract

The article is devoted to the study of the historical experience of the organization and operation of regional courts in Halychyna in the composition of Austria and Austria-Hungary (1855–1918), as well as the characteristics of their structure and competence. It is noted that as a result of the reform of Austrian justice in the middle of the nineteenth century, a tripartite court system was created, the courts of first instance were regional courts (acting as courts of first instance in separate civil and complex criminal cases). In Halychyna, as part of the Austrian Empire, the regional courts began their activities in 1855. The status of the regional districts was given by three courts: in Lviv, Krakow and Chernivtsi, while the rest were called district (initially also regional), and their number varied at different times the 9- you are up to 15. It was shown that the regional courts as courts of first instance had the right to consider: 1) civil cases - marital disputes, guardianship cases, cases of recognition of the deceased, repayment and destruction of debt documents, the establishment of rights, adoption and inheritance by will. Trade and bill disputes, as well as mining industry cases when there were no special merchant mountain courts, were considered in special senates; 2) criminal cases. They were considered with the participation of jurors, who issued a verdict of guilty, and the judge determined the extent of punishment. The jury trial was subject, in particular, to cases of violations of governmental orders concerning the freedom of the press (for the violation of these orders were tried as criminal offenses). In the appeal, the district courts decided all civil and criminal cases, which were considered in county and collegiate district courts. It is specified that in 1853 all regional courts, except Lviv and Krakow, became known as district courts, although their competence in civil matters remained the same as before, changes were made only in criminal proceedings, and at the beginning of 1852 they were called with the abolition of the jury. It was a period of open reaction after the defeat of the Revolution of 1848. Judges began to make not only a decision on the form of punishment, but a verdict of guilty. Cases on the most important revolutionary performances were subject to the jurisdiction of the regional court only, which mainly differed the district courts. In 1873, the jury trial in the criminal proceedings was partially restored. After the reorganization of the Austrian judicial system in 1867, the district and district courts acted as an appellate court for county courts. The local courts headed the presidents and were structurally divided into civilian and criminal divisions (senates). In addition, they comprised a regional tabulature, a court chancellery, a division of civil-court deposits, a prison, a department in commercial affairs.

Статтю присвячено вивченню історичного досвіду організації і діяльності крайових судів у Галичині у складі Австрії та Австро-Угорщини (1855–1918 років), а також характеристиці їхньої структури та компетенції. Зазначено, що унаслідок реформування австрійського судочинства у середині ХІХ століття було створено триступеневу судову систему, де судами першої інстанції були крайові суди (виступали як суди першої інстанції в окремих цивільних і складних кримінальних справах). У Галичині, як складовій Австрійської імперії, крайові суди розпочали свою діяльність 1855 року. Статус крайових отримали три суди: у Львові, Кракові і Чернівцях, тоді як решта називалися окружними (спершу теж крайовими) і їхня кількість у різний час коливалася від 9-ти до 15-ти. Після реорганізації судової системи у 1867 році крайові та окружні суди виступали апеляційною інстанцією для повітових судів. Крайові суди очолювали президенти і структурно поділялися на цивільний та кримінальний відділи (сенати). Крім того, у їх складі функціонували крайова табуля, судова канцелярія, відділ цивільно-судових депозитів, в`язниці, відділ у торговельних справах.