Каталіз низькотемпературного піролізу полімерних відходів

Abstract

The modern market of production and processing of polymeric waste based on polyolefins (LDPE, LENT, LPE, PP) and also other polymers of PET, PVC has been considered and analyzed. It was shown that in Ukraine the main method of polymer waste processing is mechanical recycling and only a small part is subject to incineration as a part of solid house-hold waste with utilization of thermal energy and its conversion into electric energy. In the EU, the total recycling of plastic waste reaches 57…85 %. In addition, it should be noted that in Ukraine plastic waste is practically not processed by low-temperature pyrolysis to obtain renewable energy sources (gas component, synthesis oil, pyrocarbon). The main processes of thermal and thermocatalytic processing of organic raw materials, namely visbreaking (430…490 °С), catalytic cracking (360…550 °С) and catalytic pyrolysis (650…850 °С) using various catalysts: aluminosilicate ultrafine zeolites of type Y; natural amorphous and crystalline zeolites with the addition of alkali metal oxides; various metal catalysts: Ni0, Cu0, Pt0, Fe0, their oxide forms and salts, which can significantly reduce the temperature of destruction of the polymer matrix and increase the yield of synthesis oil or gas component were considered and analyzed. It was shown that in terms of process chemistry and technological parameters low-temperature pyrolysis of polymer waste, in the first approximation, can be considered as thermocatalytic processing of individual oil fractions (tar, fuel oil, heavy oil distillates and residues) using cracking processes (470…520 °C), reforming (470…520 °C), hydrocracking (245…465 °C). This important generalization, in fact, is the theoretical basis for active and effective study of various catalysts and catalytic processes in the pyrolysis processing of plastic waste. Prospects, as well as high technological, economic and environmental efficiency of the proposed direction of re-search of catalytic low-temperature pyrolysis of processing of mixtures of plastic waste were confirmed by the data of numerous literature references