Перспективи застосування в Україні систем акумулювання теплової енергії на основі фазозмінних матеріалів

Abstract

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility of implementing thermal energy storage (TES) systems based on phase change materials (PCMs) in the context of post-war recovery of Ukraine's energy sector. It is established that large-scale destruction of centralized electricity infrastructure has created an objective need to develop decentralized energy sources, including cogeneration units and renewable energy systems (RES). Ensuring the effective operation of such systems requires the implementation of flexible technologies for balancing energy consumption and generation. Particular attention is paid to the global increase in energy demand and the corresponding growth in CO₂ emissions, which reached 37 Gt in 2023. Although Ukraine's contribution to global emissions remains relatively small, the modernization of its energy system necessitates a transition to more sustainable and safe solutions. The article provides the overview of the main methods of heat accumulation—sensible heat, latent heat of phase transition, and thermochemical reactions. The advantages of PCMs, which offer high energy storage density, are emphasized. The thermal properties of crystalline hydrates, particularly sodium acetate trihydrate, are analyzed due to their suitability for domestic heating systems. Practical limitations such as supercooling, phase separation, and low cycling stability are also examined. Examples of commercial PCM-based systems implemented in Germany, Japan, Poland, and Ukraine are presented. It is substantiated that PCMs represent a key component of a sustainable, energy-efficient, and environmentally safe decentralized energy system for Ukraine.