Технології для переробки деревини в біогаз і біонафту: можливості та перспективи

Abstract

The article considers the process of wood pyrolysis as an effective technology for converting biomass into renewable energy sources with high energy potential. Pyrolysis, which involves the thermal decomposition of organic materials in the absence or minimal oxygen content, allows obtaining three main products: bio-oil (liquid fuel), biochar (carbon-containing residue) and synthetic gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane). Each of these products has its own characteristics, advantages and areas of application. Bio-oil can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel in power plants, biochar as a soil improver, fertilizer, activated carbon or sorbent, and synthetic gas as a fuel for electricity generation or raw material for chemical synthesis, in particular during the production of methanol, ammonia, hydrogen.

The article provides basic equations and formulas for calculating the energy potential of biomass depending on its moisture content, density, calorific value and chemical composition. Methods for estimating the yield of pyrolysis products depending on the temperature regime, heating rate, process duration and type of wood are also presented. The average calorific value of each product is considered separately, which allows assessing their energy efficiency and feasibility of use in various technological conditions. It is shown that the pyrolysis process allows for a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to direct combustion of wood or fossil fuels, which makes it an attractive alternative.