Modern innovative technologies and materials for enhancing the efficiency of solar panels

Abstract

The use of alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, etc., can reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, which are unstable and limited. This can help solve the problem of energy shortages and reduce the risk of energy crises. The article provides an overview of modern innovative technologies in the field of production, operation, and recycling of solar panel systems. Photovoltaic technologies have a long history of development and refinement, as from their inception, they were relatively large, costly, and inefficient systems. However, over the years, scientists and engineers, recognizing the extraordinary importance of renewable systems, have worked on comprehensive improvement and modernization of these technologies. Today, modern panels are capable of achieving an efficiency ratio of around 20%. Panels have gradually become more accessible to people, their application in various sectors has increased, and now solar energy systems are used both for energy generation for sale and for the self-consumption of homeowners or factories. The article primarily examines modern materials for the photovoltaic elements of panels, their advantages and disadvantages, and application peculiarities. Various innovative approaches and panel enclosure materials are considered to ensure the strength and lightness of solar systems. Additionally, perovskite solar panels are discussed in detail, along with the prospects of their industrial-scale application. Given that like any technology, solar panels have a limited lifespan, approaches to panel recycling after their operational life are also considered. Finally, the article addresses the application of innovative technologies in the field of renewable energy sources in Ukraine, as many systems will require replacement due to military actions in the south and east of the country.